A Look At The CPU Security Mitigation Costs Three Years After Spectre/Meltdown
The numbers are coming in line with what we have largely saw over the past three years and fortunately the newer CPUs seeing less measurable performance overhead out-of-the-box.
In plenty of real-world workloads is still measurable overhead to these default CPU security mitigations especially on pre-2018~2019 hardware.
Given the desktop focus in this article, database performance wasn't a focus but there still is certainly a difference there as well with the heavy database workloads.